Буддийская философия (тело или собрание частей)

Реализм (от позднелат. realis — вещественный, действительный), идеалистическое философское направление, признающее лежащую вне сознания реальность, которая истолковывается либо как бытие идеальных объектов (Платон, средневековая схоластика), либо как объект познания, независимый от субъекта, познавательного процесса и опыта (философский Реализм (философ.) 20 в.).

THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF EMPTINESS

(3) What is the characteristic of emptiness (śūnyatā)? It is the non-existence (abhāva) of a certain thing, there. To see (samanupaśyanā) in this way is emptiness.

Again, it is the existence (bhāva) of another thing, there. In this way there is true knowledge (yathābhūtajñāna). This is called emptiness perceived by penetration (avatāra). True knowledge denotes the informed meaning.

What is the meaning of the non-existence of a certain thing, there? It is the non-existence in the aggregates, elements and spheres of a self or anything whatsoever belonging to a self of permanent, durable, eternal, immutable nature. In this way is their emptiness.

What is the meaning of the existence of another thing, there? It is the fact that there is non-self in the aggregates, elements and spheres. It is the nonexistence of the self, and the existence of the non-self. It is in this sense that the Blessed One has said: ‘Existence is the true knowledge of an existent thing; non-existence is the true knowledge of a non-existent thing.’

Furthermore, emptiness is threefold:

i) the emptiness of non-existence (abhāvaśūnyatā),120
ii) the emptiness of existence as such-and-such (tathābhāvaśūnyatā) and
iii) natural emptiness (prakṛtiśūnyatā).

The first should be understood as imaginary (parikalpita), the second as relative (paratantra)121 and the third as absolute (pariniṣpanna).